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IP : 203.81.192../19 32-19=13 host bits Turn all host bits on you will get broadcast address 203.81.223.225 Apply AND operation between IP and subnet mask you will get network id IP AND Subnet mask = Network id   Hub - broadcast, collision                          An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater or hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment . It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model . [1] The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision . Switch –        ...

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Process :-                 Set of steps/activities that transforms input into output of greater value than input A business process or business method is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product (serve a particular goal) for a particular customer or customers. It often can be visualized with a flowchart as a sequence of activities with interleaving decision points or with a Process Matrix as a sequence of activities with relevance rules based on the data in the process. Important points :- Event Purpose Activities Information Method for performing activity Input Output Experience + Qualification + Skill = Competent  other important points value addition goal achivement forecasting expert judgment professional opinion

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